Magnificación en la terapia endodóncica mediante el microscopio operatorio / Magnification in endodontic therapy through the operatory microscope

La microendodoncia involucra la visualización a través de un microscopio operatorio de todas las fases del tratamiento de conductos y procedimientos de cirugía apical y correctiva por parte del endodoncista. Existe sobrada evidencia acerca de las mejoras que puede aportar la magnificación al tratamiento; la literatura demuestra que la capacidad del operador mejora si su visión del campo gana claridad y precisión, ambos recursos pueden ser proporcionados por el microscopio operatorio, aunado a que posibilita diagnósticos más certeros junto con mejoras en el pronóstico, lo que permite evitar posibles complicaciones. La calidad de los tratamientos endodóncicos involucra infinidad de factores, cada uno relevante en sí mismo pero, en determinados casos, el microscopio puede significar la diferencia entre un tratamiento exitoso o un fracaso clínico. En la actualidad, se ha convertido en un tema de lo más relevante, por lo que el objetivo del presente trabajo es revisar la literatura con el fin de ayudar al entendimiento basado en evidencia científica de los criterios que determinan la relevancia del uso del microscopio en el ámbito endodóncico (AU)

Microendodontics involves the visualization through an operating microscope of all phases of root canal treatment and apical and corrective surgery procedures by the endodontist. There is plenty of evidence about the improvements that magnification can provide, the literature shows that the operator's ability improves if his vision of the field gains clarity and precision, both resources can be provided by the operating microscope, added to the fact that it enables more accurate diagnoses together with improvements in the prognosis allowing to avoid possible complications. The quality of endodontic treatments involves countless factors, each relevant in itself, but in certain cases the microscope can mean the difference between a successful treatment or a clinical failure. At present, it has become a very relevant topic, so the objective of this work is to review the literature in order to help understand the criteria that determine the relevance of the use of the microscope in the endodontic field based on scientific evidence (AU)

Endosoft: herramienta para el aprendizaje de las patologías pulpares y periapicales / Endosoft: a tool for learning from pulp and periapical diseases

Introducción: el empleo de software educativo es una alternativa motivadora en los diferentes escenarios docentes. Objetivo: mostrar la validación del software educativo sobre diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedades pulpares y periapicales para su generalización en estudiantes de Estomatología. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio de innovación tecnológica o producto terminado digital en la etapa comprendida desde marzo de 2018 a marzo de 2019. Se utilizó la herramienta Mediator v9.0. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético y el sistémico-estructural; y empíricos: la revisión documental y una encuesta a estudiantes y expertos en función de evaluadores externos del producto. Para evaluar la factibilidad del software se utilizó el método de Criterio de Experto y el Criterio de usuario. Las principales variables evaluadas fueron el diseño de las secciones del software, su funcionalidad, cientificidad del contenido, relación de las imágenes con el objetivo del software, así como su uso en la docencia. Resultados: el producto obtenido consta de un texto básico con hipervínculos para acceder a los demás componentes, así como galerías de imágenes y ejercicios de autoevaluación. Según Criterio de Experto la calidad técnica del producto y la calidad del contenido quedaron evaluadas en la categoría Muy Adecuado. Según Criterio de Usuario, la funcionalidad, la motivación individual y los aspectos de diseño fueron evaluados de Bien. Conclusiones: se desarrolló un software educativo que cuenta con recursos variados para el aprendizaje sobre el tema abordado(AU)

Introduction: The use of the educational software is a motivating alternative in different teaching scenarios. Objective: To validate the educational software related to the diagnosis and treatment of pulp and periapical diseases for its generalization in dental students. Material and Methods: A study linked with technological innovation or digital finished product was conducted during the period between March 2018 and March 2019. The tool used was Mediator v9.0. Theoretical methods such as historical-logical, analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, and systemic-structural were used; empirical methods, which included the documentary review and a survey, were applied to students and experts as external evaluators of the product. The methods of Expert Judgment and Customer Judgment were used to evaluate the feasibility of the software. The main variables evaluated were the design of software sections, its functionality, scientific content, relationship between the images and the objective of the software and its use in the teaching-learning process. Results: The product obtained is a basic text with hyperlinks to access the rest of the components, image galleries and self-evaluation exercises. According to Expert Judgment, the technical quality of the software and the quality of its content were evaluated as good. According to Customer Judgment, the functionality, self-motivation and design aspects were evaluated as optimal. Conclusions: An educational software with various resources for learning about the topic approached was developed(AU)

Frecuencia de alteraciones pulpares y periapicales en los pacientes atendidos en un hospital de la provincia de Loja ­ Ecuador / Pulp and periapical alterations frequency in the patients attended to al Loja hospital­Ecuador

Las alteraciones pulpares y periapicales, son un conjunto de patologías que afectan a los tejidos pulpar y periapical del diente; constituyen una de las causas por las cuales el paciente acude a consulta. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de enfermedades pulpares y periapicales, de acuerdo al sexo, así como el órgano dentario más afectado; en los pacientes atendidos en el Consultorio Odontológico del Hospital Básico de Catacocha, durante el periodo enero - diciembre 2013. Material y Métodos: Estudio documental, comparativo. La población estuvo constituida por los pacientes que acudieron al servicio de Especialidad de Endodoncia del Hospital. La muestra fue de 330 pacientes, que presentaron enfermedad pulpar, se consideró el primer y segundo diagnósticos. Se procedió a revisión de las historias clínicas del Hospital, partes diarios y sistema CARDEX del Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador para corroborar los datos; previo el respectivo permiso de las autoridades del hospital. Se utilizó la prueba estadística chi cuadrado. Resultados: Se revisaron 330 historias clínicas. Los valores más altos, fueron: Pulpitis 40% (n=90) sexo femenino, pulpitis 40% (n=41) sexo masculino, como primer diagnóstico, y como segundo diagnóstico; Periodontitis apical crónica 34% (n=12) sexo femenino, periodontitis apical crónica 44% (n=7) sexo masculino. El órgano dentario más afectado resultó el primer molar inferior izquierdo 3.6, en el primer diagnóstico; y el diente No. 2.1 en el segundo diagnóstico. Conclusiones: Los tipos de diagnósticos no tienen diferencias significativas, entre varones y mujeres. (AU)

Pulp and periapical alterations are a set of pathologies which affect the pulp and periapical tissues of the tooth. This is one of the causes why patients go to the dentist's office. Objectives: To determine the frequency of pulp and periapical diseases in relation with sex as well as the most affected dental organ in the patients of the Dentist's Office at Basic Hospital in Catacocha during the period JanuaryDecember 2013.Material and Methods: Comparative documentary study. The population was the patients who attended the Hospital Endodontics Specialty service. The sample was 330 patients, who presented the pulp disease. The first and second diagnoses were taken under consideration. In order to confirm the data collected, the clinical histories of the Hospital, the daily reports and the CARDEX system from the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador, with the previous permission of the Hospital, were compared. The statistic test used was square chi. Results: 330 were taken under consideration. The highest values were: Pulpitis 40% (n=90) feminine sex, Pulpitis 40% (n=41) masculine sex, both at first and second diagnosis; chronic apical Periodontitis 34% (n=12) feminine sex, chronic apical periodontitis 44% (n=7) masculine sex. The most affected dental organ was the first lower left molar 3.6, in the first diagnosis; and tooth number 2.1 in the second diagnosis. Conclusions: The types of diagnosis do not present meaningful differences between men and women. (AU)

O dente tem vitalidade pulpar e tem lesão periapical: critérios para o diagnóstico e condutas / The tooth has pulp vitality and has a periapical lesion: Criteria for diagnosis and treatment

Muitos profissionais ficam confusos quando um dente tem lesão periapical e mantém a vitalidade pulpar. Muitas lesões imitam imagiologicamente as lesões periapicais crônicas inflamatórias e os dentes permanecem com vitalidade pulpar. Sempre devemos lembrar que: 1) dentes com vitalidade pulpar não devem ser abertos sem um diagnóstico prévio das lesões que são portadores; tratamento endodôntico não deve ser aplicado como meio de diagnóstico ou teste terapêutico de lesões periapicais em dentes com vitalidade pulpar. 2) Realizar tratamentos endodônticos em dentes com vitalidade pulpar e com lesões que imitam periapicopatias pode prolongar o tempo de uma abordagem adequada e piorar em muito o prognóstico da lesão. 3) Em dentes com vitalidade pulpar e lesões periapicais de origem a determinar, é muito importante a inter-relação clínica, imagiológica e microscópica para a troca de experiências e conhecimento, visando um diagnóstico seguro e terapêutica eficaz. 4) As lesões relacionadas devem ser mentalizadas ou anotadas para que se aplique sempre frente a dentes com lesões periapicais e com vitalidade pulpar!

Maxillary Osteomyelitis by Actinomyces in a Child / Osteomielitis Maxilar por Actinomyces en un Niño

ABSTRACT: Actinomycosis is a bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces species, which usually affect the soft tissues of the cervicofacial region of adult males. Clinically, it's characterized by a slow-growing indurated mass, especially in the submandibular area. However, in a few cases, the jaws bones can be affected developing osteomyelitis characteristics. The aim of this paper is to report a rare clinical case of Actinomycotic Osteomyelitis affecting the maxilla of a child, involving the maxillary sinus, orbital and zygomatic areas that was treated by the association of antibiotic therapy and surgical debridement. The patient's 2 years follow-up was uneventful and no signs of the lesion recurrence.

RESUMEN: La actinomicosis es una infección bacteriana causada por la especie Actinomyces, que generalmente afecta los tejidos blandos de la región cervicofacial de los hombres adultos. Clínicamente, se caracteriza por una masa endurecida de crecimiento lento, especialmente en la zona submandibular. Sin embargo, en algunos casos, los huesos de las mandíbulas pueden ser afectados desarrollando características de osteomielitis. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar un caso clínico poco frecuente de osteomielitis actinomicótica que afecta el maxilar de un niño, envolviendo el área del seno maxilar, y zonas orbitales y cigomáticas que fueron tratadas con la asociación de terapia con antibióticos y desbridamiento quirúrgico. El seguimiento del paciente por 2 años ocurrió sin incidentes y sin signos de recidiva de las lesiones.

Actinomycosis is not Frequent in the Periapex But is a Persistent Lesion

Abstract Periapical actinomycosis caused by a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen characterizes a typical extra-radicular infection. This study determined the frequency and correlated the content of bacteria colonies with the of periapical actinomycosis size. The study comprised a total of 218 periapical lesions (PL) (cysts, granulomas or abscess). The specimens embedded in paraffin were sliced into 4-µm sections and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Gram, Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) and Grocott's stain. The presence of bacterial colonies composed of filamentous structures labeled with the histochemical stains were described as Actinomyces, and for each case, the bacterial colonies were counted and measured. The correlation between the number and size of bacterial colonies and the size of PL was tested using Pearson's adjusted correlation coefficient. From 218 PL, bacterial colonies were identified in 64 biopsies. Seven cases (0.3%) fulfill the criteria for diagnosis of periapical actinomycosis. All of cases were therapy-resistant and did not showed periapical repair after 12 months of follow-up. Periapical surgery or dental extraction was performed. The correlation test indicated no correlation between the number of bacterial colonies and the lesion size (p=0.752, r=-0.148). However, a larger bacterial colony size generally resulted in a larger periapical lesion (P=0.000, r=0.657). The frequency of periapical actinomycosis was low, and this lesion should be included in the differential diagnosis of PL. The size of the Actinomyces colonies seemed to contribute to increase the size of the periapical lesion.

Resumo A actinomicose periapical causada por um patógeno anaeróbio Gram positivo caracteriza uma infecção extra-radicular típica. Esse estudo determinou a frequência e correlacionou o conteúdo das colônias bacterianas com o tamanho das actinomicoses periapicais. O estudo compreendeu um total de 218 lesões periapicais (LPs) (cistos, granulomas ou abscessos). Os espécimes embebidos em parafina foram cortados em secções de 4-µm e corados com hematoxilina-eosina, Gram, ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) e coloração de Grocott. A presença de colônias bacterianas compostas por estruturas filamentosas marcadas com os corantes histoquímicos foram descritas como Actinomyces, e para cada caso, as colônias bacterianas foram contadas e mensuradas. A correlação entre o número e tamanho das colônias bacterianas e o tamanho das LPs foi testado usando o coeficiente de correlação ajustado de Pearson. De 218 LPs, colônias bacterianas foram identificadas em 64 biópsias. Sete casos (0,3%) preencheram os critérios para o diagnóstico de actinomicose periapical. Todos os casos foram resistentes à terapia e não mostraram reparo periapical após 12 meses de acompanhamento. Cirurgia periapical ou extração dental foi realizada. O teste de correlação indicou nenhuma correlação entre o número de colônias bacterianas e o tamanho da lesão (p=0.752, r=-0.148). Entretanto, uma maior colônia bacteriana geralmente resultou em uma maior lesão periapical (p=0.000, r=0.657). A frequência de actinomicose periapical foi baixa e esta lesão deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial das LPs. O tamanho das colônias de Actinomyces pareceu contribuir para o aumento no tamanho da lesão periapical.

Enfermedades pulpares y periapicales en pacientes sistémicamente comprometidos en el Centro de Salud de Uayma, Yucatán, México / Pulp and periapical diseases in systemically compromised patients: Health Center of Uayma, Yucatan, Mexico

Introducción: el diagnóstico preciso de las enfermedades pulpares y periapicales es una fase en que se evalúan los factores sistémicos y locales. La diabetes es un ejemplo de enfermedad sistémica crónica degenerativa. En México en el 2012, se reportaron 418 797 casos, así como otras enfermedades asociadas, como son la hipertensión arterial y la insuficiencia renal. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de enfermedades pulpares o periapicales en pacientes sistémicamente comprometidos que acudieron al Centro de Salud de Uayma, Yucatán, México durante el 2013. Métodos: estudio descriptivo observacional. El universo fue de 689 pacientes. El muestreo fue no probabilístico, por conveniencia de 100 pacientes de 18 y más años de edad que presentaron alguna enfermedad sistémica y enfermedad pulpar o periapical. Bajo un consentimiento informado y voluntario se realizó, previa evaluación médica por el galeno adjunto, una historia dental, evaluación de los signos y síntomas de dolor, pruebas pulpares (térmicas y eléctricas), palpación y percusión y abordaje diagnóstico con tinción/transiluminación, así como la toma, examinación e interpretación de las imágenes radiográficas periapicales para confirmar el diagnóstico de enfermedades periapicales. Para el procesamiento de los datos se empleó la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: el 67 por ciento presentó enfermedades pulpares o periapicales. Se analizaron 106 órganos dentales, 41,5 por ciento manifestaron enfermedades pulpares y 58,5 por ciento periapicales; entre estas la más prevalente fue el absceso dentoalveolar crónico con 45,2 por ciento. La enfermedad sistémica que prevaleció fue la diabetes mellitus con 38 por ciento, la cual se presentó acompañada con hipertensión en 17 por ciento y con epilepsia en el 1 por ciento. De estos pacientes con diabetes mellitus, la enfermedad más frecuente fue la periapical con 53,6 por ciento. Conclusiones: en el paciente sistémicamente comprometido existe una frecuencia alta de las enfermedades pulpares y periapicales. La presencia de estas manifestaciones puede ser consecuencia de una respuesta de la pulpa dental ante la ausencia de un tratamiento odontológico oportuno y de la condición sistémica del paciente(AU)

Introduction: accurate diagnosis of pulpal and periapical diseases is a phase in which systemic and local factors are evaluated. Diabetes is an example of chronic degenerative systemic disease. In 2012, there were 418 797 cases as well as other associated diseases, such as hypertension and renal failure in Mexico. Objective: to determine the frequency of pulpal and periapical diseases in systemically compromised patients who attended the Health Center Uayma, Yucatan, Mexico in 2013. Methods: observational and descriptive study was conducted. The universe of study was 689 patients. A non-probabilistic, convenience sampling of 100 patients aged 18 and older, which had some kind of systemic disease and also pulpal or periapical disease. With the voluntary informed consent and a prior medical evaluation by the attending physician, a dental history, the assessment of pain signs and symptoms of pain, pulp testing (thermal and electrical), palpation and percussion and diagnostic approach with staining/transillumination were made as well as radiographic periapical images were taken, analyzed and interpreted to confirm the diagnosis of periapical diseases. Summary statistics was used for data processing. Results: sixty-seven percent of patients had pulpal or periapical diseases. One hundred and six dental organs were analyzed, 41.5 percent showed pulpal diseases and 58.5 percent periapical diseases, being the chronic dentoalveolar abscess with 45.2 percent the predominant one. Prevailing systemic disease was diabetes mellitus with 38 percent of cases, accompanied with hypertension in 17 percent and epilepsy in 1 percent of patients. In the diabetic patients, the most common disease was the periapical one for 53.6 percent. Conclusions: the systemically compromised patient faces highly frequent pulpal and periapical diseases. They may result from the response of the dental pulp to the lack of timely odontologic treatment and the systemic condition of the patient(AU)

Afecciones pulpares de origen no infeccioso en órganos dentarios con oclusión traumática / Non-infectious pulpal disorders in dental organs with occlusal trauma

Introducción: la oclusión traumática se define como una alteración en las relaciones oclusales del sistema masticatorio, lo cual podría ser un factor conducente a un proceso inflamatorio en el ligamento periodontal, en la pulpa dental, y en tejidos blandos sensitivos. Objetivo: identificar las afecciones pulpares de origen no infeccioso en órganos dentarios con oclusión traumática en pacientes de un hospital del sector público de Mérida, Yucatán, México. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional y analítico, en un hospital del sector público de Mérida, Yucatán, México (2014). La muestra estuvo constituida con un total de 156 órganos dentarios de 82 pacientes, de 20 y más años de edad, que presentaron oclusión traumática en dientes permanentes y que mostraron alguna afección en tejido pulpar de origen no infeccioso, de acuerdo con la clasificación de la Academia Americana de Endodoncia. También se incluyó a los pacientes que presentaban caries, fracturas, fisuras, obturaciones, endodoncia, ortodoncia o trauma dentoalveolar. Se empleó un muestreo No probabilístico, por conveniencia. Se obtuvo el consentimiento informado y voluntario, historia médica y dental, y se realizó la evaluación de los signos y síntomas de dolor, pruebas pulpares (térmicas y eléctricas), palpación y percusión y abordaje diagnóstico con tinción/transiluminación, así como pruebas oclusales con papel de articular y examinación e interpretación de radiografías periapicales. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultado: hubo ausencia de dolor en 53 por ciento de los 156 órganos dentarios estudiados. Las alteraciones radiográficas se presentaron en 63 por ciento: entre ellas los nódulos pulpares tuvieron el mayor porcentaje (25 por ciento). La pulpitis fue reversible en 37 por ciento (n= 58); la oclusión traumática más frecuente fue la maloclusión (n= 49). En los 156 órganos dentarios estudiados, el signo clínico que mostró mayor frecuencia fue el desgaste en esmalte (n= 56). Conclusiones: las afecciones pulpares de origen no infeccioso se presentaron en alto porcentaje de dientes permanentes de pacientes con oclusión traumática(AU)

Introduction: Occlusal trauma is defined as an alteration in the occlusal relationships of the masticatory system, which may lead to inflammation of the periodontal ligament, the dental pulp and sensitive soft tissues. Objective: Iidentify non-infectious pulpal disorders in dental organs with occlusal trauma of patients from a public hospital in Mérida, Yucatán. Methods: An observational analytical study was conducted at a public hospital in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico (2014). The study universe was 156 dental organs of 82 patients aged 20 years and over with occlusal trauma in permanent teeth and some degree of non-infectious pulp tissue disorder, based on the classification of the American Academy of Endodontics. Patients were also included who presented caries, fractures, fissures, fillings, endodontic treatment, orthodontic treatment or dentoalveolar trauma. Convenience non-probability sampling was applied. Voluntary informed consent was obtained. Medical and dental records were examined. An evaluation was carried out of pain signs and symptoms. Thermal and electric pulp tests were performed, as well as palpation, percussion and diagnostic staining/transillumination. Occlusal testing was conducted using articulating paper. Periapical radiographs were examined and interpreted. Descriptive statistics were used. Result: There was no pain in 53 percent of the dental organs studied. Radiographic alterations were present in 63 percent; the most common were pulp nodes (25 percent). Pulpitis was reversible in 37 percent (n= 58), and the most frequent occlusal trauma was malocclusion (n= 49). In the 156 teeth studied, the most common clinical sign was enamel wear (n= 56). Conclusions: Non-infectious pulpal disorders were present in a large number of permanent teeth of patients with occlusal trauma(AU)

Prevalence of endodontic diseases: an epidemiological evaluation in a Brazilian subpopulation

Aim: To determine the prevalence of pulp and periradicular diseases in a Brazilian subpopulation, correlating the prevalence with sex, age and most affected teeth. Methods: Data collected from medical records of patients treated at the Clinic of Specialization in Endodontics of the Federal University of Pernambuco between 2003 and 2010. The following variables were recorded for each patient: sex, age, affected teeth and diagnosed endodontic disease. Using Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, the collected data analysis was set at a 5% significance level. Results: From all the treated teeth, 57% were diagnosed with pulp diseases, with the symptomatic irreversible pulpitis being the most prevalent (46.3%), while among the diagnosed periradicular diseases (43%), chronic apical periodontitis was the most prevalent (81%). Pulp diseases were detected in men and women in an unequal mode (p=0.008). Subjects under 40 years old had higher prevalence of pulp disease (p=0.286), and patients over 50 years were most affected by periradicular diseases (p=0.439). Maxillary incisors and mandibular first molars were the most affected teeth by endodontic diseases. Conclusions: In the evaluated subpopulation, the endodontic diseases were more prevalente in the maxillary incisive, affected indiscriminately individuals of different age groups and chronic apical periodontitis was the most prevalent diagnosed disease (Au)

Diez sugerencias clave para el éxito en cirugía apical / Ten key tips for success in apical surgery

Se proponen diez recomendaciones para contribuir a aumentar los índices de éxito en la cirugía apical. La magnificación permite una visión detallada del campo operatorio y los microinstrumentos y las puntas para ultrasonido brindan operatividad microquirúrgica. El estudio previo por imágenes posibilita una osteotomía conservadora. Los nuevos diseños de incisiones y los cuidados en elevación y retracción del colgajo facilitan la cicatrización. La anestesia y la hemostasia intraquirúrgica proporcionan un campo operatorio limpio. La apicectomía en ángulo de cero grados y la retropreparación con magnificación e iluminación reducen la posibilidad de microfracturas. El secado y la obturación promueven un sellado con menos filtraciones. Las suturas con hilos de seis ceros monofilamento y su pronto retiro permiten una curación sin cicatrices. La incorporación de estos recursos, sumados a los conceptos básicos de la endodoncia, procura aumentar la estadística de la tasa de éxito en cirugías apicales.

[ comparison between digital panoramic view and cone-beam computed tomography [CBCT] images in diagnosis of apical radiolucent lesions]

Panoramic radiography is used extensively in the field of dentistry as a screening method. In endodontic treatment, the diagnosis and evaluation of periapical area is very important. However, using advanced imaging such as cone beam computed tomography [CBCT] has increased diagnostic ability, but it must be used precisely and in special condition. The aim of this study was to compare diagnostic value of digital panoramic view and CBCT in diagnosis of apical lucent lesion. In this cross-sectional study, digital panoramic view and CBCT of 47 patients [573 apical portions of root] who had referred to maxillofacial radiology clinic for maxillary and or mandibular CBCT procedures were assessed. All of the selected patients needed these images as their treatment protocol. According to order of CBCT [maxilla, mandible and both], the teeth of the same jaw in digital panoramic radiography by a maxillofacial radiologist were evaluated. After data enterance, agreement, Sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio [positive and negative] were assessed totally and for each jaw separately with 95 percent confidence interval. 0.05 was established as a level of significant. Periapical radiolucency in 15.9% of apical areas in CBCT and in digital panoramic view in 4.2% of them was detected. Overall, sensitivity and specificity of digital panoramic view were 26.4% and 100% respectively. Sensitivity of panoramic view in diagnosis of periapical lucency in mandible was higher than maxilla. According to kappa analysis, the agreement level between panoramic and CBCT was assigned low [kappa=0.374]. Although panoramic is a routine screening method in field of dentistry, it is not accurate in diagnosis of the presence of periapical lesions. This limitation in maxilla is more than mandible

retrospective radiographic study of coronal-periapical status and root canal filling quality in a selected adult Turkish population

To investigate the oral health [with regard to the periapical status, quality of root fillings and coronal restorations] in an urban adult Turkish subpopulation using digital panoramic radiographs. One thousand digital panoramic radiographs involving 28,000 teeth were selected from the archive of the Public Oral and Dental Health Center of Isparta. Coronal status [the type of restoration, signs of marginal leakage or decay], root filling quality [length and lateral seal] and periapical status [according to Periapical Index, PAI] were evaluated. Correlations between apical periodontitis [AP] and the quality of root fillings or coronal restorations were statistically analyzed using the chi [2] test. Of the 28,000 teeth evaluated, 22,380 [80.0%] were sound, 4,732 [16.9%] were missing, 753 [2.6%] were filled and 135 [0.5%] were decayed. Of the 753 coronal restorations, 400 [53.1%] were radiographically acceptable. Of the 23,268 teeth, 601 [2.6%] were root filled and 247 root fillings were adequate. Ninety-five [15.8%] root-filled teeth had AP [PAI 3-5]. Out of the total, the AP prevalence was 0.4% in root-filled teeth and 0.8% in teeth without root fillings. The presence of AP was significantly correlated with inadequate coronal restorations and root canal fillings [p = 0.000]. Tooth type, quality and type of coronal restorations, and length and homogeneity of root fillings significantly affected periapical status

Resolução por retratamento não cirúrgico de dente com lesão periapical: relato de caso clínico / Resolution with nonsurgical retreatment of tooth with periapical lesion: case report

O desenvolvimento e manutenção da lesão periapical ocorre como consequência da infecção bacteriana do sistema de canais radiculares. Frente ao insucesso do tratamento endodôntico, o retratamento consiste na primeira opção com grande potencial de sucesso, quando realizado com adequada desinfecção do sistema de canais radiculares. Relato de caso: Paciente de 39 anos procurou atendimento odontológico apresentando ao exame clínico sangramento gengival moderado na região do dente 22 e presença de rarefação óssea periapical radiográfica decorrente de tratamento endodôntico insatisfatório. Foi indicado retratamento endodôntico do mesmo. Foram executados os procedimentos de remoção do material obturador, preparo do canal radicular por técnica manual mecânica e preenchimento do mesmo com medicação à base de hidróxido de cálcio. Após obturação do canal radicular, o acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico demonstra sucesso do caso. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o retratamento não cirúrgico com adequada desinfecção e uso de medicação à base de hidróxido de cálcio previamente à obturação promoveu resultado satisfatório ao final de acompanhamento por 2 anos e 8 meses

The development and maintenance of periapical lesion occurs as a result of bacterial infection of the root canal system. Faced with the failure of endodontic treatment, retreatment is the first option with great potential for success, when performed with proper disinfection of the root canal system. Case report: Patient aged 39 years needing dental care show at clinical examination moderate gingival bleeding in the region of tooth 22 and the presence of radiographic periapical bone rarefaction due to unsatisfactory endodontic treatment. It was indicated the endodontic retreatment. We performed procedures to remove the filling material, root canal preparation using manual and mechanical techniques and completion with the use of root canal medication based on calcium hydroxide. After root canal filling, clinical and radiographic success were demonstrated for the case. Conclusion: We conclude that the non-surgical retreatment with disinfection and proper use of medication to the base of calcium hydroxide promoted success after outcome monitoring for 2 years and 8 months

Análise epidemiológica, microbiológica e resposta imune periapical em pacientes HIV positivos e negativos portadores de infecções endodônticas / Epidemiologival, microbiological and immunological analysis of endodontic infections in HIV positive and HIV negative patients

As patologias pulpo-periapicais abrangem muitas áreas do conhecimento, tais como a epidemiologia, microbiologia e imunologia. Muito estudadas em humanos e animais, pouco foi pesquisado sobre a interferência da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida humana sobre essas alterações. Este estudo analisou a necessidade de tratamento endodôntico em uma população HIV-positiva, e correlacionou esse achado com os dados pessoais e sistêmicos desses indivíduos. Aqueles que apresentavam necessidade de tratamento endodôntico tiveram seus canais radiculares analisados quanto ao perfil microbiológico e imunológico. Pacientes HIV negativos foram também avaliados para que se confrontassem os dados...

Diagnostic and clinical factors associated with pulpal and periapical pain

A retrospective survey was designed to identify diagnostic subgroups and clinical factors associated with odontogenic pain and discomfort in dental urgency patients. A consecutive sample of 1,765 patients seeking treatment for dental pain at the Urgency Service of the Dental School of the Federal University of Goiás, Brazil, was selected. Inclusion criteria were pulpal or periapical pain that occurred before dental treatment (minimum 6 months after the last dental appointment), and the exclusion criteria were teeth with odontogenic developmental anomalies and missing information or incomplete records. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed to assess clinical presentation of pain complaints including origin, duration, frequency and location of pain, palpation, percussion and vitality tests, radiographic features, endodontic diagnosis and characteristics of teeth. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze association between pulpal and periapical pain and independent variables. The most frequent endodontic diagnosis of pulpal pain were symptomatic pulpitis (28.3 percent) and hyperreactive pulpalgia (14.4 percent), and the most frequent periapical pain was symptomatic apical periodontitis of infectious origin (26.4 percent). Regression analysis revealed that closed pulp chamber and caries were highly associated with pulpal pain and, conversely, open pulp chamber was associated with periapical pain (p<0.001). Endodontic diagnosis and local factors associated with pulpal and periapical pain suggest that the important clinical factor of pulpal pain was closed pulp chamber and caries, and of periapical pain was open pulp chamber.

Um estudo retrospectivo foi realizado para identificar fatores clínicos e de diagnóstico associado com a dor de origem odontogênica. Foram selecionados 1765 pacientes que buscaram tratamento para dor odontogênica no Serviço de Urgência da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Os critérios de inclusão foram dor de origem pulpar ou periapical antes do tratamento dentário (mínimo de 6 meses depois da última consulta odontológica), e os critérios de exclusão foram dentes com anomalias de desenvolvimento e falta de informações ou registros incompletos. Avaliações clínicas e radiográficas foram realizadas para se obter as características clínicas de dor, incluindo origem, duração, frequência e localização da dor, testes de palpação, percussão e vitalidade pulpar, aspectos radiográficos, diagnóstico endodôntico e características dos dentes. Os testes qui-quadrado e regressão logística múltipla foram utilizados para verificar a associação entre a dor de origem pulpar e periapical e variáveis independentes. O diagnóstico endodôntico de dor de origem pulpar mais frequente foi pulpite sintomática (28,3 por cento) seguido por pulpalgia hiper-reativa (14,4 por cento), e o mais frequente de dor de origem periapical foi periodontite apical sintomática infecciosa (26,4 por cento). Análise de regressão revelou que câmaras pulpares fechadas e cáries estavam altamente associadas à dor pulpar e, inversamente, câmara pulpar aberta estava associada à dor periapical (p<0,001). O diagnóstico endodôntico e fatores locais associados com dor de origem pulpar e periapical sugerem que os fatores clínicos importantes das dores pulpares foram câmaras pulpares fechadas e cáries, e de dor periapical foi câmara pulpar aberta.

Curetagem de lesões periapicais refratárias com simultânea obturação dos canais radiculares / Curretage of refractory periapical lesions with simultaneous root canal filling

Após episódio traumático, desenvolveram-se duas extensas lesões periapicais associadas aos dentes 11 e 21, com acentuado abaulamento, consistente e indolor das respectivas corticais ósseas vestibulares. Após patência apical, verificou-se copiosa e persistente drenagem de exsudato seroso-sanguinolento. A punção aspirativa das lesões periapicais proveu 10mL do referido exsudato inflamatório. Esse quadro clínico-patológico persistiu após preparo biomecânico e medicação intracanal com pasta à base de hidróxido de cálcio. A intervenção cirúrgica constou de curetagem periapical associada à obturação simultânea dos canais radiculares. O laudo histopatológico confirmou lesão cística. Em prosservação, verificou-se ausência de sintomotalogia dolorosa, resolução dos abaulamentos das corticais alveolares, bem como completa reparação óssea periapical.

El éxito en endodoncia / Success in endodontics

Un correcto tratamiento endodóntico está basado en una secuencia de factores que se relacionan entre sí y que culminan con una adecuada rehabilitación de la pieza dentaria con la finalidad de restituir su función. Desde el punto de vista del paciente, un tratamiento endodóntico exitoso consiste en la ausencia de síntomas y que la pieza dental tratada permanezca estética y funcional en su boca; sin embargo, la literatura endodóntica propone evaluar el éxito del tratamiento mediante parámetros sintomáticos, radiográficos e histológicos. Es importante considerar que existe una relación directa entre la condición física del paciente, la capacidad del profesional y los criterios de funcionalidad requeridos. El conocimiento profundo y el estudio constante de los avances de la endodoncia, son factores esenciales durante el ejercicio profesional. El presente estudio propone una revisión de consideraciones asociadas y relacionadas al éxito del tratamiento endodóntico.

[Diagnostic values of conventional radiography and digital subtraction radiography in detection of periapical bone lesions [an invitro study]]

The detection of the teeth periapical lesions is associated with some problems clinically. As this diagnosis is based on the observation of radiolucent regions in the periapical area, the radiographic assessmcnts of the lesions are important. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic values of conventional and digital subtraction radiography to improve the diagnostic ability of periapical lesions. Artificial bone lesions in the periapical region of 15 teeth were created. Conventional and digital radiography were taken of all specimens in four stages: preoperative and after lesion creation in cancellous bone by using No.2, No.6 and No.10 slow speed steel burs. Digital radiography images were exposcd wherc as the distance between x-ray source and CCD was 24cm and position of tube, tecth and receptor was fixed. The data was analyzed by kappa statistics. Diagnostic sensitivity in detection of lesion by conventional radiography and digital subtraction radiography by using bur No. 2 were 34.5%, 71.4%, No. 6 were 54.7%, 95.2% and bur No.10 slow speed steel bur were 92.9%, 100% respectively. The digital subtraction radiography in comparison with conventional radiography had a higher diagnostic value in detection of periapical bone lesions

Comparative study of conventional and digital radiography in diagnosis of periapical lesions in dry human mandible

One of the most important roles of dental radiographies is periapical lesion diagnosis. Conventionl radiographs have some problems such as need of high dose exposure or special equipments. Digital radiography as a new method in dentistry has made a great revolution. Decrease in exposure dose, no need for dark room and other options that can facilitate the diagnosis are among their advantages. The aim of this study was to compare the digital and conventional radiography in diagnosis of preapicallesions in dry human mandible. In this experimental study, the skull mounted teeth with 50 constructed preapicallesions were evaluated using conventional and digital radiography. The radiographs of the artificial lesions at the apexes were investigated by two expert radiologists. In this study the zooming as well as contrast and density changes of digital radiographs in Cygnus media software, were recorded. Data were analyzed using chi square test. According to the findings, the mean of correct diagnosis of periapical lesions were: 66% for density-contrast change with digital method, 40% for digital zooming, and 39% for conventional method. According to chi square test there was a significant difference between the first methods [contrast- density change] with the other two methods [p<0.00 1]. In this evaluation, among three different radiographic methods used, digital radiography with the ability of changing density and contrast was superior and more accurate than conventional radiography and zooming methods in diagnosis of the lesion's size